CASE CLOSED(ISBN=9781400034628) 英文原版 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子版 mobi 在线

　　The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963,

continues to inspire interest ranging from well-meaning speculation

to bizarre conspiracy theories and controversial filmmaking. But in

this landmark book, reissued with a new afterword for the 40th

anniversary of the assassination, Gerald Posner examines all of the

available evidence and reaches the only possible conclusion: Lee

Harvey Oswald acted alone. There was no second gunman on the grassy

knoll. The CIA was not involved. And although more than four

million pages of documents have been released since Posner first

made his case, they have served only to corroborate his findings.

Case Closed remains the classic account against which all

books about JFK’s death must be measured.

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　　?Persuasive. . . . Brilliantly illuminating. . . . More

satisfying than any conspiracy theory.? ?The New York

Times?By far the most lucid and compelling account. . . . No

serious historian who writes about the assassination in the future

will be able to ignore it.? ?The New York Times Book

Review?Superb. . . . The most convincing explanation of the

assassination.? ?Robert Dallek, The Boston Sunday

Globe?Required reading for anyone interested in the American

crime of the century.? ?Newsday?Utterly convincing. . . .

Fascinating and important. . . . Case closed, indeed.? ?Chicago

Tribune -- Review

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　　1 "Which One Are You?" President John F. Kennedy had been dead

less than an hour. J. D. Tippit, only the third Dallas policeman in

a decade to die in the line of duty, was killed shortly after the

President. Rumors swept the city. Dealey Plaza, the site of the

presidential assassination, was in pandemonium. Dozens of witnesses

sent the police scurrying in different directions in futile search

of an assassin. While most police mobilized to hunt the President's

killer, more than a dozen sped to Dallas's Oak Cliff, a quiet

middle-class neighborhood, to search for Tippit's murderer.At 1:46

P.M., after an abortive raid on a public library, a police

dispatcher announced: "Have information a suspect just went in the

Texas Theater on West Jefferson." Within minutes, more than six

squad cars sealed the theater's front and rear exits. Police armed

with shotguns spread into the balcony and the main floor as the

lights were turned up. Only a dozen moviegoers were scattered

inside the small theater. Officer M. N. McDonald began walking up

the left aisle from the rear of the building, searching patrons

along the way. Soon, he was near a young man in the third row from

the back of the theater. McDonald stopped and ordered him to stand.

The man slowly stood up, raised both hands, and then yelled, "Well,

it is all over now." In the next instant, he punched McDonald in

the face, sending the policeman's cap flying backward. McDonald

instinctively lurched forward just as his assailant pulled a pistol

from his waist. They tumbled over the seats as other police rushed

to subdue the gunman. The gun's hammer clicked as the man pulled

the trigger, but it did not fire.After the suspect was handcuffed,

he shouted, "I am not resisting arrest. Don't hit me anymore." The

police pulled him to his feet and marched him out the theater as he

yelled, "I know my rights. I want a lawyer." A crowd of nearly two

hundred had gathered in front of the building, the rumor

circulating that the President's assassin might have been caught.

As the police exited, the crowd surged forward, screaming

obscenities and crying, "Let us have him. We'll kill him! We want

him!" The young man smirked and hollered back, "I protest this

police brutality!" Several police formed a wedge and cut through

the mob to an unmarked car. The suspect was pushed into the rear

seat between two policemen while three officers packed into the

front. Its red lights flashing, the car screeched away and headed

downtown.The suspect was calm. Again he declared, "I know my

rights," and then asked, "What is this all about?" He was told he

was under arrest for killing J. D. Tippit. He didn't look

surprised. "Police officer been killed?" he asked. He was silent

for a moment, and then he said, "I hear they burn for murder."

Officer C. T. Walker, sitting on his right side, tried to control

his temper: "You may find out." Again, the suspect smirked. "Well,

they say it just takes a second to die," he said.One of the police

asked him his name. He refused to answer. They asked where he

lived. Again just silence. Detective Paul Bentley reached over and

pulled a wallet from the suspect's left hip pocket. "I don't know

why you are treating me like this," he said. "The only thing I have

done is carry a pistol into a movie."Bentley looked inside the

wallet. He called out the name: "Lee Oswald." There was no

reaction. Then he found another identification with the name Alek

Hidell. Again no acknowledgment. Bentley said, "I guess we are

going to have to wait until we get to the station to find out who

he actually is."Shortly after 2:00 P.M., the squad car pulled into

the basement of the city hall. The police told the suspect he could

hide his face from the press as they entered the building. He

shrugged his shoulders. "Why should I hide my face? I haven't done

anything to be ashamed of."The police ran him into an elevator and

took him to a third-floor office. He was put into a small

interrogation room, with several men standing guard, as they waited

for the chief of homicide, Captain Will Fritz. Suddenly, another

homicide detective, Gus Rose, entered the room. He had the

suspect's billfold in his hand, and he pushed two plastic cards

forward. "One says Lee Harvey Oswald and one says Alek Hidell.

Which one are you?"A smirk again crossed his face. "You figure it

out," he said.For the past thirty years historians, researchers,

and government investigators have tried to deal with Oswald's

simple challenge. Although the identity of the suspect remained in

doubt for only a few more minutes at that Dallas police station,

the search has continued for the answer to the broader question of

who Lee Harvey Oswald was. Understanding him is the key to finding

out what happened in Dallas on November 22, 1963.Oswald was born on

October 18, 1939, into a lower-middle-class family in a downtrodden

New Orleans neighborhood. His father, Robert Edward Lee Oswald,

died two months before his birth. His mother, Marguerite, was a

domineering woman, consumed with self-pity both over the death of

her husband and because she had to return to work to support Lee,

his brother, Robert, and a halfbrother, John Pic, from the first of

her three marriages. Marguerite played an important role in

Oswald's development, and conspiracy critics cast her in a positive

light. Jim Marrs, author of Crossfire, one of two books upon which

the movie JFK was based, downplays Oswald's formative years:

"Despite much conjecture, there is little evidence that Lee's

childhood was any better or any worse than others." Anthony

Summers, in his best-selling Conspiracy, quotes a relative

describing Marguerite as "a woman with a lot of character and good

morals, and I'm sure that what she was doing for her boys she

thought was the best at the time."The truth is quite different.

Robert described his mother as "rather quarrelsome" and "not easy

to get along with when she didn't get her own way." According to

Robert, Marguerite tried to "dominate" and "control" the entire

family, and the boys found it "difficult . . . to put up with her."

John Pic developed a "hostility" toward her and felt "no motherly

love." Although she wanted to rule her sons' lives, she was unable

to cope with them following the death of her husband. High-strung,

and failing to keep any job very long,* she committed Robert and

John Pic to an orphanage. She wanted also to send Lee but he was

too young to be accepted. Instead, she shuffled him between her

sister and an assortment of housekeepers and baby-sitters. The

temporary arrangement did not work. Marguerite had let a couple

move into her home to help care for Lee, but had to fire them when

she discovered they had been whipping him to control his

"unmanageable" disposition. She admitted it "was difficult with

Lee," juggling different jobs and homes (they moved five times

before Lee was three). The instability had its effect on Oswald.

Years later, in an introductory note to a manuscript, he wrote:

"Lee Harvey Oswald was born in Oct 1939 in New Orleans, La. the son

of a Insuraen [sic] Salesman whose early death left a far mean

streak of indepence [sic] brought on by negleck [sic]."The day

after Christmas 1942, Marguerite finally placed three-year-old Lee

into the orphanage, where he joined his two brothers. Nearly one

hundred youngsters lived at the Bethlehem Children's Home. The

atmosphere was relaxed, and Lee's older brothers watched out for

him during his stay there, which was quite uneventful. In early

1944, Marguerite unexpectedly checked her sons out of the Bethlehem

Home and moved to Dallas. She relocated there because of her

personal interest in a local businessman, Edwin Ekdahl, whom she

had met six months earlier in New Orleans. They married in May of

the following year. Lee's new stepfather worked for a utility

company and extensive travel was part of his job. Robert and John

Pic were placed in a military boarding school and Marguerite and

Lee traveled with Ekdahl. The business trips and short relocations

were so extensive that Lee missed most of his first year of school,

but by late October, they settled in Benbrook Texas, a suburb of

Fort Worth. Just after his sixth birthday, Lee was admitted to

Benbrook Common Elementary.*She admitted in her Warren Commission

testimony to holding more than a dozen jobs and being fired from

half of them.But young Oswald was no longer concerned about the

frequent moves or his absence from school because he had found a

friend in his stepfather. Lee's halfbrother, John Pic, recalled, "I

think Lee found in him the father he never had. He had treated him

real good and I am sure that Lee felt the same way. I know he did."

Soon after the marriage, however, Marguerite and Ekdahl began

arguing. "She wanted more money out of him," recalls Pic. "That was

the basis of all arguments."* The fights increased steadily in

vituperation and intensity. Ekdahl often walked out, staying at a

hotel, and in the summer of 1946, Marguerite moved with Lee to

Covington, Louisiana. But Ekdahl and Marguerite soon reunited. Lee

was ecstatic when his stepfather moved back in, but he hated the

fighting and separations. "I think Lee was a lot more sensitive

than any of us realized at the time," recalled his brother,

Robert.*Marguerite was always concerned about money. After the

assassination, she almost always refused to give an interview or

sit for photographs unless paid. Marina, Lee's wife, said, "She has

a mania--only money, money, money." Her son John Pic said in 1964

that money was "her god."The uncertainty in the marriage prevented

Lee from ever settling into a single neighborhood and school. In

September 1946, he enrolled in a new school, Covington Elementary,

but was again in the first grade, because he had not completed the

required work at Benbrook. After five months, Marguerite withdrew

him from Covington and they moved back to Fort Worth, where Lee

enrolled in his third school, the Clayton Public Elementary. He

finally finished the first grade, but soon after he was registered

for the second grade in the fall, they moved again. A schoolmate at

Clayton, Philip Vinson, recalled that while Oswald was not a bully,

he was a leader of one of three or four schoolyard gangs. Since he

was a year older than his classmates, "they seemed to look up to

him because he was so well built and husky . . . he was considered

sort of a tough-guy type." Vinson also noted, however, that none of

the boys in Oswald's gang ever played with him after school or went

to his home. "I never went to his house, and I never knew anybody

who did," said Vinson.In January 1948, Ekdahl moved out

permanently, and he started divorce proceedings in March. Soon

after, Marguerite moved to a run-down house in a poor Fort Worth,

neighborhood, adjoining railroad tracks. Lee was enrolled in

another school, the Clark Elementary, his fourth. Unable to afford

the tuition at military boarding school for her other two sons,

Marguerite moved them in with her and Lee. Robert Oswald and John

Pic described the new home as "lower-class" and "prisonlike," and

they found Lee even less communicative than when they had

previously left the household, often "brooding for hours" at a

time. Lee had always been a quiet child. But with the constant

moving, he did not easily fit in with his schoolmates and seldom

made friends.In June 1948, the bitter divorce proceedings came to

trial. Lee was brought to court to testify, but refused, saying he

would not know the truth from a lie. While the divorce dragged

along, he stayed home alone with a pet dog, a gift from a neighbor.

His brother noticed that he seemed to withdraw further into

himself.That summer, Marguerite and her sons moved once again to

Benbrook, Texas. By the autumn they returned to Fort Worth, the

thirteenth move since Lee's birth. He was enrolled in the third

grade at Arlington Heights Elementary. With her marriage over,

Marguerite now gave Lee all her attention, spoiling and protecting

him. "She always wanted to let Lee have his way about everything,"

recalled her sister, Lillian Murret. Afraid he could be hurt in

physical activities like sports, she instead encouraged gentler

pursuits like tap dancing, but he preferred to stay home by himself

or with her. Until he was almost eleven years of age, Lee often

slept in the same bed with his mother.According to Pic, who

admittedly resented his mother more than Robert did, Marguerite's

attitudes made the home atmosphere depressing. She was jealous of

others, resented what they had, and constantly complained about how

unfairly life treated her. "She didn't have many friends and

usually the new friends she made she didn't keep very long,"

recalled Pic. "I remember every time we moved she always had fights

with the neighbors or something or another." Pic felt so strongly

about her that after the assassination he said that if Lee was

guilty, then he "was aided with a little extra push from his mother

in the living conditions that she presented to him." Even Lee's

wife, Marina, later said that "part of the guilt" was with

Marguerite, because she did not provide him the correct education,

leadership, or guidance.She did not encourage him to attend school

when Lee whined that he did not like it. Instead, his mother told

him he was brighter and better than other children, and reinforced

his feeling that he learned more at home by reading books than from

listening to his teachers. "She told me that she had trained Lee to

stay in the house," Marguerite's sister, Lillian, recalled, "to

stay close to home when she wasn't there; and even to run home from

school and remain in the house or near the house. . . . He just got

in the habit of staying alone like that." Oswald's cousin Marilyn

Murret said that Marguerite thought it was better for him to stay

at home alone than to "get in with other boys and do things they

shouldn't do."When Lee visited the Murrets during this period,

Lillian found "he wouldn't go out and play. He would rather just

stay in the house and read or something." She did not think it was

healthy for him to be inside all the time, so the Murrets took him

out, but immediately noticed "he didn't seem to enjoy himself." "He

was obviously very unhappy," his aunt concluded.Neighbors noticed

the odd relationship between the overbearing mother and the

introverted youngster. Mrs. W. H. Bell, a neighbor in Benbrook,

remembered Lee as a loner who did not like to be disciplined.

Myrtle Evans, a good friend of Marguerite, said she "was too close

to Lee all the time." Evans said Lee was "a bookworm" even at seven

years of age, and that his mother "spoiled him to death." "The way

he kept to himself just wasn't normal," Evans recalled.

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书籍介绍

The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, continues to inspire interest ranging from well-meaning speculation to bizarre conspiracy theories and controversial filmmaking. But in this landmark book, reissued with a new afterword for the 40th anniversary of the assassination, Gerald Posner examines all of the available evidence and reaches the only possible conclusion: Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. There was no second gunman on the grassy knoll. The CIA was not involved. And although more than four million pages of documents have been released since Posner first made his case, they have served only to corroborate his findings. Case Closed remains the classic account against which all books about JFK’s death must be measured.